Energy Justice and Community-Led Transitions: Empowering Marginalized Communities - A Focus on Ewoyaa Lithium Mining Community in Ghana

Authors

  • Isaac Kwegyir Essel Sustainable Mineral Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, St Lucia 4111, QLD, Australia Author

Keywords:

Energy Justice, Energy Transition, Climate Change, Renewable Energy, Extractive Communities

Abstract

Introduction: Energy justice is a framework that seeks to address the social, environmental, and economic inequalities that often arise in the context of energy production, distribution, and consumption. With the global surge in demand for lithium due to its critical role in renewable energy technologies, including electric vehicles and battery storage, there is growing concern about the impacts on local communities, especially those in resource-rich but marginalized areas. This paper explores the concept of energy justice in relation to community-led transitions, focusing on the Ewoyaa lithium mining community in Ghana.

Methods: This paper critically examines the dynamics of energy justice in the Ewoyaa lithium extractive community, drawing on case studies of community-led energy transitions. It evaluates the role of inclusive decision-making, fair distribution of benefits, and sustainable practices within the context of lithium mining and the broader energy transition.

Results: The analysis reveals the potential for empowering marginalized communities through the integration of local stakeholders in the decision-making process and by ensuring the fair distribution of benefits from energy resources. Additionally, it identifies the sustainable practices necessary for minimizing the negative impacts of lithium mining on the community and the environment.

Discussion: The paper critiques the contemporary energy justice literature, proposing a model for integrating local communities into the energy transition process. This model emphasizes the importance of inclusive governance structures and sustainable practices to ensure equitable outcomes for communities affected by resource extraction, particularly in marginalized areas like the Ewoyaa community.

References

[1]Fuller, S. and Bulkeley, H. (2013). Energy justice and the low-carbon transition : assessing low-carbon community programmes in the uk.

[2]Jenkins, K. E. H., McCauley, D., Heffron, R. J., Stephan, H. R., and Rehner, R. (2016c). Energy justice : a conceptual review. Energy research and social science, 11:174-182.

[3]Heffron, R. J. and McCauley, D. (2017a). The concept of energy justice across the disciplines. The Challenge for Energy Justice.

[4]Jenkins, K., McCauley, D., Heffron, R., Stephan, H., and Rehner, R. (2016a). Energy justice: A conceptual review. Energy research & social science, 11:174-182.

[5]Simcock, N. and Mullen, C. (2016). Energy demand for everyday mobility and domestic life: Exploring the justice implications. Energy research and social science, 18:1-6.

[6]Amankwa, M. O., Musah-Surugu, J. I., Dagba, G., and Opoku, P. (2021). Scaling-up renewable energy share of the global energy mix: Analysis of spatial variability. In Affordable and Clean Energy, pages 1131-1145. Springer.

[7]Kotkowska, E. (2016). Constructing’ community gold mining in west africa: understanding the dynamics and complexity of commu- nity-company relations. Community Development Journal, 51(4):593-609.

[8]Teschner, B. A. (2012). Small-scale mining in ghana: The government and the galamsey. Resources Policy, 37(3):308-314.

[9]Sovacool, B. K., Ali, S. H., Bazilian, M., Radley, B., Nemery, B., Okatz, J., and Mulvaney, D. (2020). Sustainable minerals and metals for a low- carbon future. Science, 367(6473):30-33.

[10]Jenkins, K., McCauley, D., Heffron, R., Stephan, H., and Rehner, R. (2016b). Energy justice: A conceptual review. Energy research & social science, 11:174-182.

[11]Grynberg, R. and Singogo, F. (2021). Critical minerals in africa: Lithium, cobalt, and rare earth elements. African Development Bank Working Paper Series.

[12]Heffron, R. J. and McCauley, D. (2018). What is the ‘just transition’? Geoforum, 88:74-77.

[13]Ofosu, G., Dittmann, A., Sarpong, D., and Botchie, D. (2020). Socio- economic and environmental implications of artisanal and small-scale mining (asm) on agriculture and livelihoods. Environmental Science and Policy, 106:210-220.

[14]Hilson, G. and Maconachie, R. (2020). Artisanal and small-scale mining and the sustainable development goals: Opportunities and new directions for sub-saharan africa. Geoforum, 111:125-141.

[15]Bebbington, A. and Bury, J. (2013). Subterranean struggles: New dynamics of mining, oil, and gas in Latin America. University of Texas press.

[16]Avelino, F., Wijsman, K., van Steenbergen, F., Jhagroe, S., Wittmayer, J. M., Akerboom, S., Bogner, K., Jansen, E. F., Frantzeskaki, N., and Kalfa- gianni, A. (2024). Just sustainability transitions: Politics, power, and prefiguration in transformative change toward justice and sustainability. Annual Review of Environment and Resources.

[17]Schlosberg, D. (2007). Defining environmental justice: Theories, move- ments, and nature. OUP Oxford.

[18]Bickerstaff, K., Walker, G., and Bulkeley, H. (2013). Introduction: making sense of energy justice. Energy justice in a changing climate: Social equity implications of the energy and low-carbon relationship, pages 1-13.

[19]Kelly, S., Heiret, Y. S., Guerra-Schleef, F., Fajardo Mazorra, A., Lorini Formiga, N., Acosta-Rodríguez, S., and Greenleaf, M. (2024). Epistemic justice as energy justice: Reflections from a transnational collaboration on hydropower and indigenous rights. Climate and De- velopment, 16(9):784-797.

[20]Sovacool, B. K., Heffron, R. J., McCauley, D., and Goldthau, A. (2016). Energy decisions reframed as justice and ethical concerns. Nature Energy, 1(5):1-6.

[21]Agyeman, B., Abor, J. Y., and Karimu, A. (2023a). Sustainable and responsible energy investment in developing economies. In Sustainable and Responsible Investment in Developing Markets, pages 322-346. Edward Elgar Publishing.

[22]Buchanan, A. (2017). A critical introduction to rawls’ theory of justice. In Distributive Justice, pages 175-211. Routledge.

[23]Saigaran, N. G., Karupiah, P., and Gopal, P. S. (2015). The capability approach: Comparing amartya sen and martha nussbaum. Proceedings of Universiti Sains Malaysia, 1.

[24]D’amodio, A. (2020). Toward a human-centered economy and politics: the theory of justice as fairness from rawls to sen. Philosophies, 5(4):44.

[25]Heffron, R. J. and McCauley, D. (2017b). The concept of energy justice across the disciplines. Energy policy, 105:658-667.

[26]Agency, I. E. (2020). Tracking sdg 7: The energy progress report 2020.

[27]Lewis, J., Hernández, D., and Geronimus, A. T. (2020). Energy efficiency as energy justice: addressing racial inequities through investments in people and places. Energy efficiency, 13:419-432.

[28]Blazquez, J., Fuentes, R., and Manzano, B. (2020). On some economic principles of the energy transition. Energy Policy, 147:111807.

[29]Day, R., Walker, G., and Simcock, N. (2016). Conceptualising energy use and energy poverty using a capabilities framework. Energy Policy, 93:255-264.

[30]Farley, C., Howat, J., Bosco, J., Thakar, N., Wise, J., and Su, J. (2021). Advancing equity in utility regulation.

[31]McCauley, D., Ramasar, V., Heffron, R. J., Sovacool, B. K., Mebratu, D., and Mundaca, L. (2019). Energy justice in the transition to low carbon energy systems: Exploring key themes in interdisciplinary research.

[32]Martin, A., Armijos, M. T., Coolsaet, B., Dawson, N., AS Edwards, G., Few, R., Gross-Camp, N., Rodriguez, I., Schroeder, H., GL Tebboth, M., et al. (2020). Environmental justice and transformations to sustain- ability. Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development, 62(6):19-30.

[33]McCauley, D. and Heffron, R. (2018). Just transition: Integrating climate, energy and environmental justice. Energy policy, 119:1-7.

[34]Volodzkiene, L. and Streimikiene, D. (2023). Energy inequality indicators: a comprehensive review for exploring ways to reduce inequality. Ener- gies, 16(16):6075.

[35]Hesse, A., Baka, J., and Calvert, K. (2016). Enclosure and exclusion within emerging forms of energy resource extraction: Shale fuels and biofuels. The Palgrave Handbook of the International Political Economy of Energy, pages 641-660.

[36]López, E. M. (2021). Transforming Kiruna: Producing space, society, and legacies of inequality in the Swedish ore fields. PhD thesis, Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis.

[37]Agyeman, J., Schlosberg, D., Craven, L., and Matthews, C. (2016). Trends and directions in environmental justice: from inequity to everyday life, community, and just sustainabilities. Annual review of environment and resources, 41(1):321-340.

[38]Ukhurebor, K. E., Athar, H., Adetunji, C. O., Aigbe, U. O., Onyancha, R. B., and Abifarin, O. (2021). Environmental implications of petroleum spillages in the niger delta region of nigeria: a review. Journal of Environmental Management, 293:112872.

[39]Tschakert, P. (2016). Shifting discourses of vilification and the taming of unruly mining landscapes in ghana. World Development, 86:123-132.

[40]Boafo, J., Obodai, J., Stemn, E., and Nkrumah, P. N. (2024). The race for critical minerals in africa: A blessing or another resource curse? Resources policy, 93:105046.

[41]Agency, G. N. (2024). Lithium exploration. epa assures environmental impact assessement in communities. Ghana News Agency https://gna.org.gh/2024/02/lithium-exploration-epa-assures-thorough- environmental-impact-assessment-in-communities/.

[42]Acheampong, T. (2022). The Energy Transition and Critical Minerals in Ghana: Diversification Opportunities and Governance Challenges.

[43]Mundaca, L., Busch, H., and Schwer, S. (2018). ‘successful’low-carbon energy transitions at the community level? an energy justice perspective. Applied Energy, 218:292-303.

[44]Bouzarovski, S. and Bouzarovski, S. (2018). Understanding energy poverty, vulnerability and justice. Energy Poverty: (Dis) Assembling Europe’s Infrastructural Divide, pages 9-39.

[45]Griswold, W., Patel, M., and Gnanadass, E. (2024). ‘one person cannot change it; it’s going to take a community’: Addressing inequity through community environmental education. Adult Learning, 35(1):23-33.

[46]Newell, R., Raimi, D., Villanueva, S., Prest, B., et al. (2020). Global energy outlook 2020: energy transition or energy addition. Resources for the Future.

[47]Jenkins, K., McCauley, D., and Forman, A. (2017a). Energy justice: A policy approach.

[48]Hirsch, J., Jalbert, K., Keeler, L., O’Connell, L., Roberts, D., and Smith, J. (2024). The crucial role of just process for equitable industrial decarbonization: An action research agenda for carbon management and other emerging technologies. In Paper at NASEM workshop, Developing and Assessing Ideas for Social and Behavioral Research to Speed Efficient and Equitable Industrial Decarbonization.

[49]Carley, S. and Konisky, D. M. (2020). The justice and equity implications of the clean energy transition. Nature Energy, 5(8):569-577.

[50]Brickhouse, B., Siegfried, G., Torres-Soto, E., and Williams, B. (2024). Community participation in the clean energy transition: A procedural justice perspective on meaningful involvement. IEEE Power and Energy Magazine, 22(4):75-84.

[51]Jenkins, K. E., Sovacool, B. K., Mouter, N., Hacking, N., Burns, M.- K., and McCauley, D. (2021). The methodologies, geographies, and technologies of energy justice: a systematic and comprehensive review. Environmental Research Letters, 16(4):043009.

[52]Akom, K., Shongwe, T., and Joseph, M. K. (2021). South africa’s integrated energy planning framework, 2015-2050. Journal of Energy in Southern Africa, 32(1):68-82.

[53]Wasnik, A. P. (2024). India’s journey toward cleaner and affordable energy for achieving sdg 7: Progress and prospects. Sustainability: Science, Policy, and Practice in India: Challenges and Opportunities, pages 105-121.

[54]Harrison, C. and Welton, S. (2023). Rural energy justice. In Handbook on energy justice, pages 94-111. Edward Elgar Publishing.

[55]Hielscher, S., Seyfang, G., and Smith, A. (2013). Grassroots innovations for sustainable energy: exploring niche-development processes among community-energy initiatives. In Innovations in Sustainable Consump- tion, pages 133-158. Edward Elgar Publishing.

[56]Ghasemipanah, N. (2024). Transformation of rural areas into nearly-zero energy communities-The case village of Toiano in Italy=. PhD thesis, Politecnico di Torino.

[57]Pye, S., Dobbins, A., Baffert, C., Brajković, J., Deane, P., and De Miglio, R. (2015). Addressing energy poverty and vulnerable consumers in the energy sector across the eu. L’Europe en formation, (4):64-89.

[58]Jenkins, K., McCauley, D., and Forman, A. (2017b). Energy justice: A policy approach.

[59]Ahmed, S., Ali, A., and D’angola, A. (2024). A review of renewable energy communities: concepts, scope, progress, challenges, and recommenda- tions. Sustainability, 16(5):1749.

[60]Mininni, G. M. (2020). Can energy empower women?: A case study of the Solar Mamas’ programme in rural Rajasthan, India. PhD thesis.

[61]Smith, A., Hargreaves, T., Hielscher, S., Martiskainen, M., and Seyfang, G. (2016). Making the most of community energies: Three perspectives on grassroots innovation. Environment and Planning A, 48(2):407-432.

[62]Agyeman, B., Abor, J. Y., and Karimu, A. (2023b). Sustainable and responsible energy investment in developing economies. In Sustainable and Responsible Investment in Developing Markets, pages 322-346. Edward Elgar Publishing.

[63]Cowtan, G. (2017). Community energy: A guide to community-based renewable-energy projects. Bloomsbury Publishing.

[64]Shaw, A., Mander, S., Parkes, B., and Wood, R. (2023). Zero carbon transitions: a systematic review of the research landscape and climate mitigation potential. Frontiers in Energy Research, 11:1268270.

[65]Allam, Z. and Cheshmehzangi, A. (2024). The social movements and political landscape of sustainable futures. In Sustainable Futures and Green New Deals, pages 81-104. Springer.

[66]Karakislak, I., Sadat-Razavi, P., and Schweizer-Ries, P. (2023). A coopera- tive of their own: Gender implications on renewable energy cooperatives in germany. Energy Research & Social Science.

[67]Yildiz, Ö., Gotchev, B., Holstenkamp, L., Müller, J. R., Radtke, J., and Welle, L. (2019). Energy transition: Financing consumer co-ownership in renewables. Energy Transition.

[68]González, F. F., Sauma, E., and van der Weijde, A. (2019). The scottish experience in community energy development: a starting point for chile. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 113:109239.

[69]Muttaqee, M., Furqan, M., and Boudet, H. (2023). Community response to microgrid development: case studies from the us. Energy Policy, 181:113690.

[70]Swan, M. et al. (2017). Anticipating the economic benefits of blockchain. Technology innovation management review, 7(10):6-13.

[71]Sakah, M., Diawuo, F. A., Katzenbach, R., and Gyamfi, S. (2017). Towards a sustainable electrification in ghana: A review of renewable energy deployment policies. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 79:544-557.

[72]Kanyagui, K. (2008). Impact of mega projects on developing economies (case study: Akosombo hydro electric dam, ghana). Unpublished Master of Project Management thesis, University of Greenwich, London.

[73]Atsu, D., Agyemang, E. O., and Tsike, S. A. (2016). Solar electricity development and policy support in ghana. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 53:792-800.

Downloads

Published

2025-06-04

Issue

Section

Articles